Choose the correct choice(s) regarding the following proportional logic…

2021

Choose the correct choice(s) regarding the following proportional logic assertion \(S\):

\(S: (( P \wedge Q) \rightarrow R) \rightarrow (( P \wedge Q) \rightarrow (Q \rightarrow R))\)

  1. A.

    \(S\)  is neither a tautology nor a contradiction

  2. B.

    \(S\) is a tautology.

  3. C.

    \(S\)  is a contradiction.

  4. D.

    The antecedent of \(S\) is logically equivalent to the consequent of \(S\).

Attempted by 117 students.

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Correct answer: B, D

Key insight: reduce the formula by setting A = P ∧ Q.

  • Let A = P ∧ Q. Then S becomes (A → R) → (A → (Q → R)).

  • Case A is false: both A → R and A → (Q → R) are true, so the implication is true.

  • Case A is true: then Q is true, so Q → R has the same truth value as R. Hence A → (Q → R) has the same truth value as A → R, so the whole formula has the form X → X, which is true.

Conclusion: The formula S is true in every valuation (a tautology). Equivalently, the antecedent (P ∧ Q) → R is logically equivalent to the consequent (P ∧ Q) → (Q → R).

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