Heap allocation is required for the languages that:

Answer: Languages that support dynamic data structures require heap allocation.

Explanation: The heap is used for memory whose lifetime is controlled at runtime (dynamic allocation).

• Dynamic data structures (for example, linked lists, trees, and resizable arrays) need memory allocated and freed at runtime, which is provided from the heap (e.g., malloc or new).

• Recursion stores function call activation records on the call stack; recursion alone does not require heap allocation unless the program explicitly performs dynamic allocation.

• Therefore, the need for heap allocation stems from supporting dynamic data structures, not from supporting recursion by itself.

Summary: Languages that support dynamic data structures require heap allocation; supporting recursion alone does not.