Which of the following pairs of words was added to the "Preamble of the…

Concept — The Preamble is the introductory declaration of the Constitution. It states the nature of the Indian state, the objectives the state promises to secure, and the date of adoption. The Preamble is a part of the Constitution and can therefore be amended under Article 368, so long as the basic structure is not damaged (Kesavananda Bharati, 1973).

Application — The Preamble has been amended exactly once, by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, which made two insertions:

1. The opening description of India was changed from "Sovereign Democratic Republic" to "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic", inserting the words Socialist and Secular.

2. The phrase "unity of the Nation" was changed to "unity and integrity of the Nation", inserting the word Integrity.

Cross-check — Every other word offered in this question already stood in the Preamble as adopted on 26 November 1949:

• Sovereign, Democratic and Republic form the original opening description of India.

• Justice, Liberty and Equality — together with Fraternity — are the original objectives the Preamble promises to secure.

Result — Of the words listed, the pair inserted by the 42nd Amendment is Socialist and Secular; the same amendment also added Integrity to the unity clause.