Which of the following statements about the Indian political system is/are…

Concept

The Indian Constitution — not Parliament — is the supreme law: Parliament's ordinary law-making remains subject to judicial review, and its power to amend the Constitution is further bounded by the basic-structure doctrine. India also runs a parliamentary executive, where the President is the constitutional Head of State while the Prime Minister, heading the Council of Ministers, is the real Head of Government; under Article 74, the Council of Ministers aids and advises the President in the exercise of the President's functions. The judiciary, in turn, is empowered as the guardian of the Constitution to strike down anything that violates its provisions. Correspondingly, Article 37 makes the Directive Principles of State Policy non-justiciable — directive in nature, not enforceable by any court.

Application

1. Statement (a) is false: the President is only the Head of State; the Prime Minister — not the President — is the Head of Government under India's parliamentary system. The Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers, which, under Article 74, aids and advises the President in the exercise of the President's functions.

2. Statement (b) is false: the Constitution is supreme in India, unlike the British doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty — Parliament's ordinary laws remain subject to judicial review, and its power to amend the Constitution cannot alter the basic structure.

3. Statement (c) is true: the Supreme Court exercises judicial review to strike down unconstitutional laws or actions and to protect fundamental rights, which is why it is described as the guardian of the Constitution.

4. Statement (d) is false: Article 37 explicitly states that the Directive Principles 'shall not be enforceable by any court' — they guide state policy but confer no judicially enforceable right.

Cross-check

This matches the standard list of salient features of the Indian Constitution — parliamentary government, independent judiciary with judicial review, and non-justiciable Directive Principles under a supreme Constitution — so statement (c) is the only one of the four that survives scrutiny, and the combination containing only (c) is the correct selection.