Which of the following are the fundamental duties ? (a) To respect the…

Concept: Article 51A of the Indian Constitution — inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, and later extended by the 86th Amendment, 2002 — lays down eleven Fundamental Duties: moral obligations every citizen owes to the nation. They are not directly enforceable by a court, but they guide legislation and civic conduct.

Application: Checking each stem item against the eleven clauses of Article 51A: (a) respecting the National Flag falls under clause (a) — "to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem." (b) protecting and improving the natural environment is clause (g). (c) a parent's or guardian's duty to provide educational opportunity to a child aged six to fourteen is clause (k), added by the 86th Amendment, 2002. (d) protecting monuments and places of national importance is NOT one of the eleven clauses of Article 51A — that responsibility is instead a directive placed on the State under Article 49 of the Constitution (and given statutory effect via the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958), not a citizen's Fundamental Duty.

Cross-check — contrasting each near-miss combination:

• (a), (b) and (d) — substitutes the State's monument-protection obligation for the parent's education duty, so it is not the correct set.

• (a), (c) and (d) — similarly substitutes the monument-protection item for the environment duty.

• (a), (b), (c) and (d) — correctly includes all three genuine duties but wrongly adds the extra non-duty item.

Conclusion: Only respecting the National Flag, protecting the natural environment, and a parent's duty to educate their child are Fundamental Duties under Article 51A.