Read the following passage and answer the question that follows: One…
2023
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
One well-known description of parenting styles is based on the research of Diane Baumrind. Her early work focused on a careful longitudinal study of 100 (mostly European American, middle class) preschool children. Through observation of children and parents and interviews with parents, Baumrind and the other researchers who built on her findings identified four parenting styles based on the parents' high or low levels of warmth and control.
Authoritative parents (high warmth, high control) set clear limits, enforce rules, and expect mature behavior. But they are warm with their children. They listen to concerns, give reasons for rules and allow more democratic decision making. There is less strict punishment and more guidance. Parents help children think through the consequences of their actions.
Authoritarian parents (low warmth, high control) seem cold and controlling in their interactions with their children. The children are expected to be mature and to do what the parent says, ‘Because I said so.’ There is not much talk about emotions. Punishments are strict, but not abusive. The parents love their children, but they are not openly affectionate.
Permissive parents (high warmth, low control) are warm and nurturing, but they have few rules or consequences for their children and expect little in the way of mature behavior because ‘They are just kids.’
Rejecting/Neglecting/uninvolved parents (low warmth, low control) don't seem to care at all and can't be bothered with controlling, communicating or teaching their children.
Authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parents love their children and are trying to do their best; they simply have different ideas about the best ways to parent.
Baumrind's research study focused on
Answer: C. Pre-school children — ConceptA literal-comprehension question is answered from information stated directly in the passage. The method is to identify the population named in the…
- A.
All children
- B.
High school children
- C.
Pre-school children
- D.
Middle school children
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: C
Concept
A literal-comprehension question is answered from information stated directly in the passage. The method is to identify the population named in the study description, then match that description to the option with the same scope and developmental stage.
Application
The passage says that Baumrind’s early work was a longitudinal study of 100 children and explicitly describes them as preschool children. This identifies the developmental stage of the study population without requiring an inference beyond the text.
Contrast
“All children” has an unrestricted scope that the sample description does not claim.
“High school children” refers to a later adolescent school stage.
“Pre-school children” matches the early-childhood stage named in the passage.
“Middle school children” refers to an early-adolescent school stage.
Result: Baumrind’s research study focused on pre-school children.