In Johan Galtung’s framework, negative peace means the absence of direct…
2026
In Johan Galtung’s framework, negative peace means the absence of direct violence. Peace education as a transformative pedagogy goes further toward positive peace by emphasizing which structural aim?
Answer: A. Justice that addresses root causes such as inequality and discrimination through critical conscientization — ConceptGaltung distinguishes negative peace—the absence of direct or personal violence—from positive peace, which also requires reducing structural and…
- A.
Justice that addresses root causes such as inequality and discrimination through critical conscientization
- B.
Cultural homogenization that promotes uniform global values over diverse sociocultural contexts
- C.
Elimination of direct violence exclusively through interpersonal conflict-resolution skills
- D.
Behavioural modification that prioritizes compliance over learner empowerment
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: A
Concept
Galtung distinguishes negative peace—the absence of direct or personal violence—from positive peace, which also requires reducing structural and cultural violence.
Transformative peace education therefore develops critical awareness and agency so learners can examine and change the unequal arrangements that sustain violence.
Application
The stem asks for the structural aim that moves education beyond merely stopping direct violence. Justice that addresses inequality and discrimination through critical conscientization acts on the institutions and root causes that produce structural violence.
Contrast
Cultural homogenization replaces plurality with uniformity; it does not constitute structural justice.
Interpersonal conflict-resolution skills help manage direct conflict, but the word “exclusively” restricts the aim to negative peace.
Compliance-centred behaviour modification reduces learner agency, whereas transformative pedagogy depends on critical participation and empowerment.
Cross-check
A useful check is to ask whether an approach only manages visible conflict or changes the conditions that generate violence. Addressing inequality and discrimination changes those conditions.
Therefore, the structural aim is justice that addresses root causes through critical conscientization.