Let 𝑃(π‘₯) be a predicate. Which of the following statements is/are NOT valid…

GATE Β· 2026 Β· DA Β· Data Science & AI

Let 𝑃(π‘₯) be a predicate. Which of the following statements is/are NOT valid in first-order logic?

  1. A.

    βˆ€π‘₯ 𝑃(π‘₯) β‡’ βˆƒπ‘₯ 𝑃(π‘₯)

  2. B.

    βˆƒπ‘₯ 𝑃(π‘₯) β‡’ βˆ€π‘₯ 𝑃(π‘₯)

  3. C.

    βˆƒπ‘₯ 𝑃(π‘₯) ⇔ βˆ€π‘₯ 𝑃(π‘₯)

  4. D.

    βˆ€π‘₯ 𝑃(π‘₯) β‡’ βˆƒπ‘₯ ¬𝑃(π‘₯)

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