Segmentation

Duration: 9 min

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Module outline

  1. General Intelligence & Reasoning: Analogy, Non Verbal Reasoning (Spatial Aptitude) (Spatial Reasoning) (Visual Reasoning), Series (Number and Letter Series) (Numerical Relations and Reasoning), Coding Decoding, Blood Relations, Directions (Direction Test), Ranking, Order and Sequence, Logical Sequence Of Words, Syllogisms, Venn Diagram, Deductive and Inductive Reasoning (Logical Deduction and Induction) (Prepositional Reasoning), Selection Decision Table (Decision Making), Data Sufficiency, Puzzle Solving (Puzzles), Data Arrangement, Cubes & Dices, Calendar, Clock, Arithmetic, Number System, HCF LCM, Verbal Analogy (Word Based Analogy), Visual Recognition and Figure Completion, Paper Folding and Cutting, Transformation of Shapes, Clocks and Calendars, Direction Sense, Cubes and Dice, Patterns in Two-Dimensional Figures, Seating Arrangements, Analogy and Classification, Logical Deduction and Induction, Alphabet and Word Tests, Mathematical Operations, Series Completion, Simplification and Approximation, Coding and Decoding, Numerical Reasoning, Assembling and Grouping of Shapes, Three-Dimensional Patterns and Visualization, Vocabulary, Number System, Averages, Mixtures and Alligation, Simple and Compound Interest, Percentages, Algebra, Speed, Time and Distance, Seating and Arrangement Puzzles, Traverse Surveying, Order, Ranking and Sequence, Constraint Puzzles, Syllogisms and Venn Diagrams, Reading Comprehension, Critical Reasoning, Permutations and Combinations, Narrative Sequencing, Project Monitoring, Resources and Safety, Profit, Loss and Discount, Ratio and Proportion, Time and Work, Mensuration, Data Interpretation, Powers, Surds and Logarithms, Sequences and Series, Articles and Determiners, Sentence Completion, Data Sufficiency, Blood Relations, Simple Interest and Compound Interest, Mixture and Alligation, Sequence and Series (Series), Speed Time and Distance, Algebra, Profit and Loss, Powers and Exponents (Surds and Indices), Permutation and Combination
  2. General Awareness: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, Polity, Indian Economy, Environment, Static General Knowledge, GK- Current Affairs, Artificial Intelligence, MS Office Applications, Terms & Abbreviations, Keyboard Shortcuts, Evolution of Indian Banking (Banking & Financial Awareness), Emerging Tech Trends
  3. Engineering Mathematics: Set Theory, Relations, Functions, Graph Theory, Group Theory, Propositional and Predicate Logic, Linear Algebra, Calculus, Probability, Statistics, Signal Space and Optimum Detection, Probability, Statistics
  4. Digital Logic: Digital Systems & Boolean Basics, Logic Gates & Hardware, Boolean Expression, Boolean Minimization, Combinational Circuit, Sequential Circuits, Number System, Number Representation, Floating Point Rep, Number Systems and Codes, Registers and Counters, Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, Logic Families and CMOS Logic, Microprocessors, Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra, Minimization of Boolean Functions, Timing, Hazards and Testing, Logic Families, Combinational Logic Design, Arithmetic Circuits, Waveform Generators and Timer Circuits, Semiconductor Memories and Programmable Logic Devices, Combinational Logic Circuits, Latches and Flip-Flops, Finite State Machines, Sequential Circuits and State Machines, Minimization of Boolean Functions, Arithmetic Circuits, Latches and Flip-Flops, Number Systems and Codes, Registers and Counters
  5. Computer Organisation & Architecture: Basics of COA, Cache Memory Organization, Input Output Organisation, Pipelining, Instr Formats & Modes, Control Unit Design, Programming the Basic Computer, Register Transfer and Microoperations, Semiconductor Memories and Programmable Logic, Processor Organization and Instructions, Memory Hierarchy and Input/Output, Registers and Counters
  6. Programming & Data Structures: C Fundamentals, Control Flow, Functions, Arrays & Pointers, Storage Classes, Structures & Enums, DMA, Macros, Scoping & File Handling, Introduction to DS, Array, Stack, Queue, Linked List, Tree, Graphs, Hashing, HTML Basics, OOPS with C++, Java, Object Oriented Technology
  7. Databases: Basics of DBMS, ER Diagram, Relational Model & Functional Dependencies, Keys & Integrity Constraints, Normalization (1NF - BCNF), Decomposition Properties & 4NF, File Organization & Indexing, Relational Algebra, SQL, Relational Calculus, Transaction Management, Concurrency Control, Database Recovery, Database Security & Authorization
  8. Algorithms: Algorithm Analysis, Time Complexity Analysis, Sorting Algorithms, Greedy Algorithms, Dynamic Programming, Minimum Spanning Trees, Shortest Path Algos
  9. Theory of Computation: Introduction to TOC, Deterministic FA (DFA), Non-Deterministic FA, Regular Expressions, Grammar, Regular Language Properties, Moore & Mealy Machines, Pushdown Automata & CFG, Turing Machines, Complexity Theory
  10. Compiler Design: Intro to Compilers, Lexical Analysis, Grammar & CFG, Syntax Analysis: Top-Down, Syntax Analysis: Bottom-Up, Semantic Analysis & SDT, Intermediate Code Gen, Code Optimization, Run Time Environment
  11. Operating System: Introduction to OS, Process Management, CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization, Threads & Process Creation, Deadlock, Memory Management, Virtual Memory, Disc Scheduling, File Management, Security, Windows OS, Distributed Systems, Unix OS, Linux OS
  12. Computer Networks: Introduction to CN, DLL: Access Control, DLL: Flow Control, DLL: Error Control, DLL: Framing, Data Link Layer - Ethernet, Net Layer: IPv4 & Proto, Net Layer: IP Addressing, Net Layer:Routing Protocol, Transport Layer Services, TL: Congestion & UDP, Application Layer, Hardware Basics, Data Communication, Website, Browser & Services, Web Design & Development, Network Security, Cyber Threats and Malware Attacks, Cyber Safety and Security
  13. Full Length Mock Tests:
  14. Sectional Tests:
AI summary & chapters

AI Summary

An AI-generated summary of this video lecture.

This educational video provides a detailed lecture on Segmentation as a memory management scheme in operating systems. The instructor begins by contrasting segmentation with paging, emphasizing that segmentation supports the user's view of memory by organizing it into variable-length segments such as subroutines and stacks. The lecture defines the logical address space as a collection of segments, each identified by a name and length. The instructor explains that a logical address consists of a two-tuple: <segment-number, offset>. He illustrates the concept of variable-length segments using whiteboard diagrams, showing how they differ from fixed-size pages. The final section covers the hardware mechanism for address translation using a segment table, which contains segment base and limit registers. The process involves indexing the table with the segment number, checking if the offset is within the limit, and adding the base to the offset to generate the physical address. The lecture concludes by noting that segmentation suffers from external fragmentation.

Chapters

  1. 0:00 – 2:00 00:00-02:00

    The instructor introduces the concept of Segmentation, contrasting it with paging. The slide text states, 'Paging is unable to separate the user's view of memory from the actual physical memory,' while segmentation supports this user view. He explains that a logical address space is a collection of segments, where each segment has a name and a length. The instructor highlights that addresses specify both the segment name and the offset within the segment. Consequently, the user specifies each address by two quantities: a segment name and an offset. The slide explicitly defines a logical address as a two-tuple: <segment-number, offset>. He notes that segments can be of variable lengths unlike pages and are stored in main memory.

  2. 2:00 – 5:00 02:00-05:00

    The instructor moves to a whiteboard to visually demonstrate the concept of variable-length segments. He draws a large vertical rectangle to represent physical memory and divides it into smaller rectangles of varying heights to represent segments. He explains that unlike paging, where pages are fixed size, segments can be of different sizes depending on the program's needs. He points to the diagram on the slide which shows a logical address space containing distinct blocks labeled 'subroutine', 'stack', 'symbol table', 'Sqrt', and 'main program'. He draws a corresponding physical memory layout on the board, showing these segments placed in memory with gaps between them, illustrating how they are stored in main memory. He emphasizes that the user sees a logical address space composed of these named segments.

  3. 5:00 – 9:30 05:00-09:30

    The lecture transitions to the hardware mechanism for segmentation using a 'Segment Table'. The slide text states: 'Each entry in the segment table has a segment base and a segment limit.' The segment base contains the starting physical address where the segment resides, and the segment limit specifies the length of the segment. The segment number is used as an index to the segment table. The offset d of the logical address must be between 0 and the segment limit. If it is not, the system traps to the operating system. When an offset is legal, it is added to the segment base to produce the address in physical memory. The instructor draws a flow diagram showing the CPU generating a logical address (s, d). The segment number s indexes the table to retrieve the base and limit. A comparison checks if d < limit. If valid, base + d yields the physical address. He writes numbers like '109' and '1105' to demonstrate the addition. Finally, he notes that segmentation suffers from External Fragmentation.

The video provides a comprehensive overview of segmentation as a memory management technique. It starts by defining the logical address space as a collection of variable-length segments, contrasting this with the fixed-size pages of paging. The instructor uses diagrams to visualize how segments like stacks and subroutines are organized logically and physically. The lesson culminates in explaining the hardware support required, specifically the segment table containing base and limit registers, which enables address translation and protection by checking offsets against segment limits.

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