Post-Positivism

Duration: 6 min

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Inside: a video lesson and guided study material.

Module outline

  1. Course Overview: About the Course
  2. Paper - 1 | Unit - 1 | Teaching Aptitude: Nature, Objectives & Characteristics of Teaching, Learners & Learning Process, Factors Affecting Teaching, Methods of Teaching, Teaching-Learning Aids & ICT Integration, Evaluation, Assessment & Measurement
  3. Paper - 1 | Unit - 2 | Research Aptitude: Introduction to Research, Validity & Reliability, Research Paradigms & Types of Research, Research Process Steps, Research Ethics, Writing & Publication
  4. Paper - 1 | Unit - 3 | Comprehension: Comprehension / Reading Comprehension / Unseen Passages (Critical Reasoning) (Paragraph Questions)
  5. Paper - 1 | Unit - 4 | Communication: Communication Basics, Language and Semiotics, Types of Communication, Communication Models, Mass Communication, Mass Media, Journalism, General Knowledge and General Studies related to Communication
  6. Paper - 1 | Unit - 5 | Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude: Series (Number and Letter Series) (Numerical Relations and Reasoning), Coding Decoding, Number System, Percentage, Ratio and Proportion (Ratios), Simple Interest and Compound Interest, Speed Time and Distance, Powers and Exponents (Surds and Indices), Profit and Loss, Average, Blood Relations, Directions (Direction Test), Analytical Reasoning (Counting Figures Reasoning), Verbal Analogy (Word Based Analogy), Divisibility Rules, Calendar, Miscellaneous, Time and Work, Algebra
  7. Paper - 1 | Unit - 6 | Logical Reasoning: Syllogisms, Non Verbal Reasoning (Spatial Aptitude) (Spatial Reasoning) (Visual Reasoning), Deductive and Inductive Reasoning (Logical Deduction and Induction) (Prepositional Reasoning), Venn Diagram, School Of Thoughts, Fallacy, Western Logic
  8. Paper - 1 | Unit - 7 | Data Interpretation: Data Interpretation
  9. Paper - 1 | Unit - 8 | Information and Communication Technology: MS Office Applications, Cyber Threats and Malware Attacks, Role of Internet and Web Services, Electronic Data Interchange and E-Commerce, Internet Fundamentals, Web Design & Development, Web Publishing & Hosting, Emerging Technologies, Terms & Abbreviations, Artificial Intelligence, Society, Law & Ethics, Keyboard Shortcuts, Website, Browser & Services
  10. Paper - 1 | Unit - 9 | People Development and Environment: Ecosystem, Biomes & Environmental Issues, MDG & SDG, Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Soil, Noise Pollution and Waste Management, Natural Resources, Energy & Disaster Management, Global Environmental Conventions – COP, Protocols & ISA
  11. Paper - 1 | Unit - 10 | Higher Education System: Vedic Education, Jainism & Buddhism, Ancient Universities, Pre-Independence Commissions, Post-Independence Policy, Higher Education Structure & Accreditation, Universities & Learning Programmes, Types of Education & NEP 2020
  12. Paper 2 | Unit 1 | Discrete Structures and Optimization: Propositional and Predicate Logic, Set Theory, Relations, Functions, Permutation and Combination, Probability, Graph Theory, Group Theory, Digital Systems & Boolean Basics, Boolean Expression, Boolean Minimization, Optimization
  13. Paper 2 | Unit 2 | Computer System Architecture: Logic Gates & Hardware, Combinational Circuit, Sequential Circuits, Number System, Number Representation, Floating Point Rep, Basics of COA, Register Transfer and Microoperations, Programming the Basic Computer, Instr Formats & Modes, Control Unit Design, Pipelining, Input Output Organisation, Cache Memory Organization, Multiprocessors
  14. Paper 2 | Unit 3 | Programming Languages and Computer Graphics: Language Design, C Fundamentals, Control Flow, Functions, Arrays & Pointers, Storage Classes, Structures & Enums, DMA, Macros, Scoping & File Handling, HTML Basics, XML, JavaScript-Basics, Java, Basics of Computer Graphics, 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing, 3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations and Viewing, OOPS with C++, Java Fundamentals
  15. Paper 2 | Unit 4 | Database Management Systems: Basics of DBMS, ER Diagram, Relational Model & Functional Dependencies, Keys & Integrity Constraints, Normalization (1NF - BCNF), Decomposition Properties & 4NF, File Organization & Indexing, Relational Algebra, SQL, Relational Calculus, Transaction Management, Concurrency Control, Database Recovery, ORDBMS, Database Security & Authorization, Query Processing & Optimization, Enhanced Data Models, Data Warehousing & Mining, Big Data Systems, NoSQL
  16. Paper 2 | Unit 5 | System Software and Operating System: Introduction to OS, Process Management, CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization, Threads & Process Creation, Deadlock, Memory Management, Virtual Memory, Disc Scheduling, File Management, Windows OS, Linux OS, Security, Distributed Systems, Virtual Machines
  17. Paper 2 | Unit 6 | Software Engineering: Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Software Requirements and Quality Assurance, Software Design, Estimation and Metrics, Software Testing, Software Maintenance and Configuration Management
  18. Paper 2 | Unit 7 | Data Structures and Algorithms: Introduction to DS, Array, Stack, Queue, Linked List, Tree, Graphs, Hashing, Algorithm Analysis, Time Complexity Analysis, Sorting Algorithms, Greedy Algorithms, Dynamic Programming, Minimum Spanning Trees, Shortest Path Algos, Advanced Algorithms
  19. Paper 2 | Unit 8 | Theory of Computation and Compilers: Introduction to TOC, Deterministic FA (DFA), Non-Deterministic FA, Regular Expressions, Grammar, Regular Language Properties, Moore & Mealy Machines, Pushdown Automata & CFG, Turing Machines, Complexity Theory, Intro to Compilers, Lexical Analysis, Grammar & CFG, Syntax Analysis: Top-Down, Syntax Analysis: Bottom-Up, Semantic Analysis & SDT, Intermediate Code Gen, Code Optimization, Run Time Environment
  20. Paper 2 | Unit 9 | Data Communication and Computer Networks: Introduction to CN, Data Communication, DLL: Access Control, DLL: Flow Control, DLL: Error Control, DLL: Framing, Data Link Layer - Ethernet, Net Layer: IPv4 & Proto, Net Layer: IP Addressing, Net Layer:Routing Protocol, Transport Layer Services, TL: Congestion & UDP, Application Layer, Hardware basics, Network Security, Mobile Technology, Cloud Computing and IoT, Cloud Computing
  21. Paper 2 | Unit 10 | Artificial Intelligence: Approaches to AI, Search Algorithms, Game Playing, Knowledge Representation, Planning, Multi Agent Systems, Fuzzy Sets, Natural Language Processing, Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms
  22. Live Classes: NTA UGC NET 2025 Live Class
  23. Paper 1 | Full Mock Tests:
  24. Paper 2 | Full Mock Tests:
  25. Paper 1 | Previous Year Papers:
  26. Paper 2 | Previous Year Papers:
AI summary & chapters

AI Summary

An AI-generated summary of this video lecture.

This video lecture provides a comprehensive overview of post-positivism in research methodology. It begins by defining post-positivism as a philosophical approach developed in the late 20th century by scholars like Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper, and Imre Lakatos, which challenges the positivist idea of absolute truth. The core of the lecture contrasts positivism with post-positivism, highlighting that while positivism seeks objective, universal laws, post-positivism acknowledges the limitations of human perception and the influence of biases. It emphasizes the use of scientific methods and empirical evidence but encourages researchers to consider multiple perspectives and alternative explanations. The lecture uses the example of anxiety research to illustrate how a post-positivist approach would explore cultural and personal factors, respecting different viewpoints. The instructor reinforces key concepts by writing 'scientific' on the slide, underscoring the methodological rigor of the approach.

Chapters

  1. 0:00 – 2:00 00:00-02:00

    The video introduces the concept of post-positivism, defining it as a research philosophy developed in the late 20th century by scholars such as Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper, and Imre Lakatos. The on-screen text states that post-positivism questioned the idea of absolute truth and stressed the importance of the limitations of positivism. It is described as a research approach that emerged in response to some of the limitations of positivism, emphasizing the use of scientific research methods and empirical evidence. The instructor explains that post-positivism is a form of critical thinking in research, contrasting it with positivism, which seeks absolute certainty and universal laws.

  2. 2:00 – 5:00 02:00-05:00

    The lecture contrasts positivism and post-positivism. The on-screen text explains that while positivism emphasizes multiple perspectives and alternative explanations, post-positivism, unlike positivism, views reality as objective and independent of human perception. The instructor elaborates that post-positivism encourages researchers to be aware of their biases and to explore the complexity of phenomena. It promotes the idea of considering multiple perspectives and alternative explanations rather than seeking absolute certainty. The text also mentions that post-positivism recognizes that our understanding of reality is shaped by our experiences and beliefs, and it encourages researchers to explore the complexity of phenomena by gathering data to find universal cultural patterns in anxiety.

  3. 5:00 – 6:04 05:00-06:04

    The video concludes by reinforcing the core principles of post-positivism. The on-screen text reiterates that post-positivism encourages researchers to be aware of their biases and to explore the complexity of phenomena. The instructor emphasizes that a post-positivist researcher might look into how cultural and personal factors shape people's experiences of anxiety, respecting different viewpoints. The instructor writes 'scientific' on the slide, highlighting the importance of scientific methods and empirical evidence in post-positivist research. The final point is that post-positivism is a research approach that acknowledges the limitations of human perception and the influence of biases, while still using rigorous scientific methods.

The video presents a clear and structured comparison between positivism and post-positivism. It establishes post-positivism as a critical, more nuanced approach that builds upon the scientific method while acknowledging the inherent limitations of human knowledge. The key takeaway is that post-positivism is not a rejection of science but a refinement of it, advocating for a more self-aware and contextually sensitive research process. The example of anxiety research effectively illustrates how this philosophy translates into practice, moving beyond a search for universal laws to a deeper exploration of the multifaceted nature of human experience.

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