Communication Models, Communication Barriers, Mass Com, Mass Media & Journalism

Duration: 54 min

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Inside: a video lesson and guided study material.

Module outline

  1. Paper - 1 | Unit - 1 | Teaching Aptitude: Concept and Objectives of Teaching / शिक्षण की अवधारणा एवं उद्देश्य, Levels of Teaching / शिक्षण के स्तर, Learner's Characteristics / शिक्षार्थी की विशेषताएँ, Learning: Nature and Theories / अधिगम: प्रकृति एवं सिद्धांत, Cognition, Memory and Metacognition / संज्ञान, स्मृति एवं अधिसंज्ञान, Factors Affecting Teaching / शिक्षण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक, Effective Teaching and the Teacher / प्रभावी शिक्षण एवं शिक्षक, Instructional Objectives and Lesson Planning / अनुदेशनात्मक उद्देश्य एवं पाठ नियोजन, Methods of Teaching / शिक्षण विधियाँ, Offline and Online Teaching Methods / ऑफ़लाइन एवं ऑनलाइन शिक्षण विधियाँ, Teaching Support System / शिक्षण सहायक प्रणाली, Evaluation Systems / मूल्यांकन प्रणाली, Biological Basis of Emotion / संवेग का जैविक आधार, Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems / केन्द्रीय और परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र
  2. Paper - 1 | Unit - 2 | Research Aptitude: Research: Meaning, Features and Scientific Method / अनुसंधान: अर्थ, लक्षण व वैज्ञानिक विधि, Research Paradigms and Approaches / अनुसंधान के प्रतिमान एवं उपागम, Types of Research / अनुसंधान के प्रकार, Variables and Measurement / चर एवं मापन, Methods of Research / अनुसंधान की विधियाँ, Steps of Research / अनुसंधान के चरण, Sampling / प्रतिचयन, Tools and Methods of Data Collection / आँकड़ा संग्रह के उपकरण एवं विधियाँ, Data Analysis and Statistics in Research / आँकड़ा विश्लेषण एवं शोध सांख्यिकी, Thesis and Article Writing / शोध-प्रबंध एवं लेख लेखन, Application of ICT in Research / अनुसंधान में ICT का अनुप्रयोग, Research Ethics / शोध नैतिकता
  3. Paper - 1 | Unit - 3 | Comprehension: Literal Comprehension, Vocabulary and Language in Context, Inferential Comprehension, Critical Comprehension, Comprehension / Reading Comprehension / Unseen Passages (Critical Reasoning) (Paragraph Questions)
  4. Paper - 1 | Unit - 4 | Communication: Communication: Meaning, Nature and Process / संचार: अर्थ, प्रकृति एवं प्रक्रिया, Types and Levels of Communication / संचार के प्रकार एवं स्तर, Verbal and Non-verbal Communication / मौखिक एवं अमौखिक संचार, Semiotics and Meaning / संकेत विज्ञान एवं अर्थ, Models and Theories of Communication / संचार के मॉडल एवं सिद्धांत, Effective Communication / प्रभावी संचार, Barriers to Communication / संचार की बाधाएँ, Classroom Communication / कक्षा संचार, Mass Media: Types and Evolution / जनसंचार माध्यम: प्रकार एवं विकास, Mass Media and Society / जनसंचार एवं समाज, Digital and New Media / डिजिटल एवं नव माध्यम, General Awareness (Legacy Paper 1) / सामान्य जागरूकता (पुराना पेपर 1)
  5. Paper - 1 | Unit - 5 | Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude: Number System and Simplification / संख्या पद्धति एवं सरलीकरण, Algebra and Ages / बीजगणित एवं आयु, Percentage / प्रतिशतता, Ratio, Proportion, Partnership and Mixtures / अनुपात, समानुपात, साझेदारी एवं मिश्रण, Averages / औसत, Profit, Loss and Discount / लाभ, हानि एवं बट्टा, Simple and Compound Interest / साधारण एवं चक्रवृद्धि ब्याज, Time and Work / समय एवं कार्य, Speed, Time and Distance / चाल, समय एवं दूरी, Mensuration and Geometry / क्षेत्रमिति एवं ज्यामिति, Series / श्रेणी, Coding-Decoding / कूटलेखन-कूटवाचन, Relationships, Directions and Ranking / संबंध, दिशा एवं क्रम, Arrangements, Puzzles, Clock and Calendar / व्यवस्था, पहेलियाँ, घड़ी एवं कैलेंडर, Mathematical Foundations, जीवनी, Philosophy of the Constitution / संविधान का दर्शन, Analysis, Indian Polity and Governance (Legacy Unit 10) / भारतीय राजव्यवस्था और शासन (पुराना यूनिट 10)
  6. Paper - 1 | Unit - 6 | Logical Reasoning: Structure of Arguments / युक्ति की संरचना, Terms, Definitions and Uses of Language / पद, परिभाषा एवं भाषा के उपयोग, Categorical Propositions / निरुपाधिक प्रतिज्ञप्तियाँ, Categorical Syllogism / निरुपाधिक न्यायवाक्य, Venn Diagrams / वेन आरेख, Deduction, Induction and Analogy / निगमन, आगमन एवं सादृश्यता, Fallacies / तर्कदोष, Indian Logic: Pramanas / भारतीय तर्कशास्त्र: प्रमाण, Anumana and Vyapti / अनुमान एवं व्याप्ति, Hetvabhasa / हेत्वाभास, Non Verbal Reasoning (Spatial Aptitude) (Spatial Reasoning) (Visual Reasoning), Aristotle / अरस्तू, Western Schools of Philosophy / पाश्चात्य दर्शन की विचारधाराएँ, Kant / कांट, Sadhana Paada, Vaiśeṣika / वैशेषिक
  7. Paper - 1 | Unit - 7 | Data Interpretation: Data and Graphical Representation / आँकड़े एवं आलेखीय निरूपण, Data Interpretation: Tables / आँकड़ा निर्वचन: तालिका
  8. Paper - 1 | Unit - 8 | Information and Communication Technology: Computer Fundamentals and Hardware, Memory, Storage and Data Representation, Computer Software, Office Applications, Multimedia and File Formats, Computer Networks, Internet and World Wide Web, Email and Online Communication, Cyber Security, Digital Ethics, IPR and Society, Cloud and Distributed Computing, Emerging Technologies, ICT in Education and Governance, Cyber Threats and Malware Attacks, Role of Internet and Web Services, Electronic Data Interchange and E-Commerce, Internet Fundamentals, Web Design & Development, Web Publishing & Hosting, Emerging Technologies, Terms & Abbreviations, Society, Law & Ethics, Keyboard Shortcuts, Website, Browser & Services, Protection of Geographical Indications / भौगोलिक संकेतों का संरक्षण
  9. Paper - 1 | Unit - 9 | People Development and Environment: Ecosystems and Biodiversity / पारितंत्र और जैव विविधता, Human and Environment Interaction / मानव और पर्यावरण की अंतःक्रिया, Development and Environment / विकास और पर्यावरण, Natural Resources – Forests, Water and Soil / प्राकृतिक संसाधन: वन, जल और मृदा, Energy Resources / ऊर्जा संसाधन, Air Pollution / वायु प्रदूषण, Water Pollution and Treatment / जल प्रदूषण और उपचार, Noise Pollution / ध्वनि प्रदूषण, Waste Management / अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन, Environmental Health and Toxicology / पर्यावरणीय स्वास्थ्य और विषविज्ञान, Climate Change and Global Environmental Issues / जलवायु परिवर्तन और वैश्विक पर्यावरणीय समस्याएँ, Natural Hazards and Disaster Management / प्राकृतिक प्रकोप और आपदा प्रबंधन, Indian Environmental Laws and Policies / भारतीय पर्यावरण कानून और नीतियाँ, International Environmental Agreements / अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण समझौते, Environment / पर्यावरण, Geography / भूगोल, Factory and Industry Systems / कारखाना और उद्योग व्यवस्थाएँ, Earth Materials, Surface Features and Processes, Communicable Diseases and Immunization / संक्रामक रोग और प्रतिरक्षण
  10. Paper - 1 | Unit - 10 | Higher Education System: Education in Ancient India / प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा, Ancient Centres of Higher Learning / प्राचीन भारत के उच्च शिक्षा केंद्र, Colonial Education Policies and Commissions / औपनिवेशिक काल की शिक्षा नीतियाँ और आयोग, Colonial Colleges, Universities and Reformers / औपनिवेशिक कॉलेज, विश्वविद्यालय व सुधारक, Education Commissions and Policies after Independence / स्वतंत्र भारत में शिक्षा आयोग और नीतियाँ, National Education Policy 2020 / राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020, Types of Higher Education Institutions / उच्च शिक्षा संस्थानों के प्रकार, Learning Programmes and Academic Credits / अधिगम कार्यक्रम और अकादमिक क्रेडिट, Professional, Technical and Skill-Based Education / व्यावसायिक, तकनीकी और कौशल आधारित शिक्षा, Value Education and Environmental Education / मूल्य शिक्षा और पर्यावरण शिक्षा, Governance, Administration and Financing / शासन, प्रशासन और वित्तपोषण, Regulation, Accreditation and Ranking / उच्च शिक्षा का नियमन, प्रत्यायन और रैंकिंग
  11. Paper 2 | Unit 1 | Discrete Structures and Optimization: Propositional and Predicate Logic, Set Theory, Relations, Functions, Permutation, Combination and Probability / क्रमचय, संचय एवं प्रायिकता, Graph Theory, Group Theory, Digital Systems & Boolean Basics, Boolean Expression, Boolean Minimization, Optimization, Markov Chains
  12. Paper 2 | Unit 2 | Computer System Architecture: Logic Gates & Hardware, Combinational Circuit, Sequential Circuits, Number System, Number Representation, Floating Point Rep, Basics of COA, Register Transfer and Microoperations, Programming the Basic Computer, Instr Formats & Modes, Control Unit Design, Pipelining, Input Output Organisation, Cache Memory Organization, Multiprocessors
  13. Paper 2 | Unit 3 | Programming Languages and Computer Graphics: Language Design, C Fundamentals, Control Flow, Functions, Arrays & Pointers, Storage Classes, Structures & Enums, DMA, Macros, Scoping & File Handling, HTML Basics, XML, JavaScript-Basics, Java, Basics of Computer Graphics, 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing, 3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations and Viewing, OOPS with C++, Java Fundamentals, Array, String, IO & References, OOPS with Java
  14. Paper 2 | Unit 4 | Database Management Systems: Basics of DBMS, ER Diagram, Relational Model & Functional Dependencies, Keys & Integrity Constraints, Normalization (1NF - BCNF), Decomposition Properties & 4NF, File Organization & Indexing, Relational Algebra, SQL, Relational Calculus, Transaction Management, Concurrency Control, Database Recovery, ORDBMS, Database Security & Authorization, Query Processing & Optimization, Enhanced Data Models, Data Warehousing & Mining, Big Data Systems, NoSQL
  15. Paper 2 | Unit 5 | System Software and Operating System: Introduction to OS, Process Management, CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization, Threads & Process Creation, Deadlock, Memory Management, Virtual Memory, Disc Scheduling, File Management, Windows OS, Linux OS, Security, Distributed Systems, Virtual Machines
  16. Paper 2 | Unit 6 | Software Engineering: Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Software Requirements and Quality Assurance, Software Design, Estimation and Metrics, Software Testing, Software Maintenance and Configuration Management
  17. Paper 2 | Unit 7 | Data Structures and Algorithms: Introduction to DS, Array, Stack, Queue, Linked List, Tree, Graphs, Hashing, Algorithm Analysis, Time Complexity Analysis, Sorting Algorithms, Greedy Algorithms, Dynamic Programming, Minimum Spanning Trees, Shortest Path Algos, Advanced Algorithms
  18. Paper 2 | Unit 8 | Theory of Computation and Compilers: Introduction to TOC, Deterministic FA (DFA), Non-Deterministic FA, Regular Expressions, Grammar, Regular Language Properties, Moore & Mealy Machines, Pushdown Automata & CFG, Turing Machines, Complexity Theory, Intro to Compilers, Lexical Analysis, Grammar & CFG, Syntax Analysis: Top-Down, Syntax Analysis: Bottom-Up, Semantic Analysis & SDT, Intermediate Code Gen, Code Optimization, Run Time Environment
  19. Paper 2 | Unit 9 | Data Communication and Computer Networks: Introduction to CN, Data Communication, DLL: Access Control, DLL: Flow Control, DLL: Error Control, DLL: Framing, Data Link Layer - Ethernet, Net Layer: IPv4 & Proto, Net Layer: IP Addressing, Net Layer:Routing Protocol, Transport Layer Services, TL: Congestion & UDP, Application Layer, Hardware basics, Network Security, Cloud Computing, Mobile Computing
  20. Paper 2 | Unit 10 | Artificial Intelligence: Approaches to AI, Search Algorithms, Game Playing, Knowledge Representation, Planning, Multi Agent Systems, Fuzzy Sets, Natural Language Processing, Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms
  21. Full Notes: Paper 1 Full Notes
  22. Paper 1 | Full Mock Tests:
  23. Paper 2 | Full Mock Tests:
  24. Paper 1 | Previous Year Papers:
  25. Paper 2 | Previous Year Papers:
AI summary & chapters

AI Summary

An AI-generated summary of this video lecture.

This lecture systematically explores communication models, barriers, and the evolution of mass media and journalism. It begins by distinguishing synchronous communication—defined as real-time interaction with immediate feedback—from asynchronous methods, using examples like face-to-face conversations and video calls. The instructor then introduces communication models as theoretical frameworks mapping information flow, starting with the Linear or Transmission Model. This model is characterized as a one-way process without feedback, best suited for persuasion and propaganda, with Aristotle's 300 BC model serving as a primary example featuring five elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect. The lecture progresses to the Interactive Model, which introduces two-way communication with delayed feedback, exemplified by email and text messages. Subsequently, the Transactional Model is presented as a simultaneous process where all parties are both senders and receivers. The Shannon-Weaver model is detailed with six elements including the critical concept of 'noise,' while Schramm's model emphasizes encoding, decoding, and shared fields of experience. The second half of the lecture addresses communication barriers, categorizing them into emotional/psychological (anger, bias), cultural (gestures), semantic (word meaning misunderstandings), and language barriers. The concept of mass media is defined as tools for communicating to large audiences simultaneously, with features including rapid transmission, public consumption, commodification of messages, complex production processes, and fixed scheduling. The session concludes by defining journalism as the collection and verification of news, distinguishing between Popular Journalism (entertainment-focused), Citizen Journalism (reporting by ordinary people), and New Journalism (literary storytelling style).

Chapters

  1. 0:00 – 2:00 00:00-02:00

    The lecture opens by defining synchronous communication as real-time interaction where participants are present simultaneously. The instructor highlights key features such as instant feedback and provides examples like face-to-face conversations, phone calls, and video conferencing. The lesson emphasizes the immediacy of responses with a 'talk now, reply now' concept. On-screen text explicitly lists 'Synchronous Communication', 'Real-time interaction', and 'Instant feedback' alongside checkmarks next to examples like Zoom and Google Meet. The instructor underlines phrases like 'same time' to reinforce the definition.

  2. 2:00 – 5:00 02:00-05:00

    The video segment introduces communication models by comparing synchronous and asynchronous communication using a comparison table. The instructor highlights differences in time, feedback speed, and examples like phone calls versus emails. Key terms are circled in red to distinguish between 'Immediate' and 'Delayed' responses. The slide transitions to a new section titled 'Communication Models', defining them as theoretical frameworks that map how information moves from sender to receiver. The instructor uses a map analogy for simple explanation and lists specific use cases like persuasion and propaganda.

  3. 5:00 – 10:00 05:00-10:00

    The lecture focuses on the Linear or Transmission Model, depicting communication as a one-way process without feedback. The instructor highlights that this model is message-focused and best suited for persuasion, propaganda, or public announcements. Examples like political speeches and advertisements are provided to illustrate the concept. On-screen text lists 'Linear / Transmission Model of Communication', 'one-way process', and 'no feedback is expected'. The instructor underlines key terms like 'theoretical frameworks' and provides Hindi translations for clarity.

  4. 10:00 – 15:00 10:00-15:00

    The video lecture transitions to Aristotle's Communication Model (300 BC), one of the earliest linear models. The instructor highlights that linear models view communication as one-way and message-focused, where feedback is absent or not emphasized. Aristotle's model consists of five elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect. The slide emphasizes that this model is speaker-centric and best suited for public speaking scenarios. On-screen text lists these five elements with definitions, such as 'Speaker - The person who delivers the message' and 'Effect - The impact of the speech on the audience'. Red checkmarks validate each element.

  5. 15:00 – 20:00 15:00-20:00

    The lecture covers the Interactive Model of Communication and transitions to the Transactional Model. The instructor explains that the interactive model is a two-way process with delayed feedback, considering physical and psychological contexts. Examples like email and text messages are provided to illustrate this asynchronous communication style. The Transactional Model is introduced as a simultaneous process where all parties are both senders and receivers. On-screen text lists 'Interactive Model of Communication', 'two-way process', and 'feedback is not simultaneous'. The instructor underlines key terms like 'Physical context (place, environment)' and 'Psychological context (mood, attitude)'. A comparison table summarizes linear versus interactive models.

  6. 20:00 – 25:00 20:00-25:00

    The video segment explains the Shannon-Weaver Communication Model and Wilbur Schramm's Communication Model, highlighting their differences in structure and focus. It details the six elements of Shannon-Weaver's technical model, emphasizing 'noise' as a key contribution. The lesson then transitions to Schramm's interactive model, which introduces concepts like encoding, decoding, feedback, and the field of experience. Finally, a comparison table summarizes linear versus interactive models. On-screen text lists 'Six Elements: Information Source, Transmitter, Channel, Receiver, Destination, Noise (disturbance)' and 'Wilbur Schramm's Communication Model'. The instructor circles important concepts like 'Noise' and 'Interactive'.

  7. 25:00 – 30:00 25:00-30:00

    The lecture covers various types of communication barriers, specifically focusing on emotional/psychological, cultural, semantic, and language barriers. Each slide defines the barrier type, lists causes or examples in English, and provides a corresponding explanation in Hindi. The instructor highlights cultural differences in gestures and explains word meaning misunderstandings. On-screen text lists '2. Emotional / Psychological Barriers' with examples like 'Anger, Bias, Prejudgment', and '4. Cultural Barriers' with the example of a gesture that is polite in one culture but offensive in another. The instructor underlines key terms and uses checkmarks to validate examples.

  8. 30:00 – 35:00 30:00-35:00

    The video segment covers multiple-choice questions related to communication barriers and mass media concepts. The first question asks the viewer to identify a communication barrier, with options including 'Communicatee attention' and 'Semantic distortion'. Subsequent slides define mass media as tools and technologies for communicating information to a large number of people simultaneously, listing platforms like newspapers, radio, and television. The final slide discusses barriers to the acceptance of a communicated message, presenting options such as body language and attitude. On-screen text displays 'Which one of the following is a communication barrier?' and lists 'Common Platforms of Mass Media: Newspapers, Magazines, Radio, Television'. The instructor analyzes factors affecting message acceptance.

  9. 35:00 – 40:00 35:00-40:00

    The lecture covers the features of mass media and communication, specifically focusing on rapid transmission, delayed feedback, public nature, commodification, complex production processes, and scheduling. The instructor highlights key terms like 'very quickly', 'real time', 'public consumption', and 'fixed and regular schedule' to explain how mass media functions differently from interpersonal communication. Examples provided include breaking news on television, letters to the editor, and scheduled newspaper releases. On-screen text lists '3. Rapid Transmission', '5. Delayed Feedback', and '1. Public in Nature'. The instructor underlines key phrases like 'very quickly' and circles terms such as 'public consumption'.

  10. 40:00 – 45:00 40:00-45:00

    The lesson covers the definitions and functions of mass communication, persuasion, and journalism. The instructor explains how mass media influences public opinion through advertising and political campaigns, then defines journalism as the process of collecting and verifying news. A diagram is drawn to illustrate the relationship between mass media, mass communication, and journalism. On-screen text lists '3. Persuade (अनुनय करना)' with examples like election advertisements and public service campaigns. The instructor uses red underlining of key terms like 'Advertising' and 'Political campaigns'. A handwritten diagram connects Mass Media, Mass Communication, and Journalism.

  11. 45:00 – 50:00 45:00-50:00

    The lecture covers three specific types of journalism: Popular Journalism, Citizen Journalism, and New Journalism. The instructor explains that Popular Journalism targets a large general audience with entertainment-focused content, while Citizen Journalism involves news reporting by ordinary people via social media. New Journalism is defined as a writing style blending journalism with literary storytelling, often featuring personal voices and narrative techniques. The session concludes with a summary table comparing these types against their key features. On-screen text lists 'Types of Journalism', 'Popular Journalism', and 'Citizen Journalism'. The instructor underlines key terms like 'audience' and 'style', circling phrases such as 'large general audience' for emphasis.

  12. 50:00 – 54:05 50:00-54:05

    The final segment summarizes the distinctions between Popular, Citizen, and New Journalism. The instructor explains that Popular Journalism targets a large general audience with entertainment-focused content, while Citizen Journalism involves news reporting by ordinary people via social media. New Journalism is defined as a writing style blending journalism with literary storytelling, often featuring personal voices and narrative techniques. The session concludes with a summary table comparing these types against their key features. On-screen text lists 'Types of Journalism', 'Popular Journalism', and 'Citizen Journalism'. The instructor underlines key terms like 'audience' and 'style', circling phrases such as 'large general audience' for emphasis. The lecture ends with a comprehensive review of the classification based on audience, style, and producer.

The lecture provides a comprehensive overview of communication theory, starting with the fundamental distinction between synchronous and asynchronous interactions. It systematically introduces communication models, progressing from the one-way Linear Model (exemplified by Aristotle's five elements) to the two-way Interactive Model and the simultaneous Transactional Model. Key technical contributions like Shannon-Weaver's 'noise' concept and Schramm's 'field of experience' are highlighted. The second half shifts to practical applications, detailing communication barriers such as emotional bias and semantic confusion, before defining mass media features like rapid transmission and commodification. The session concludes by categorizing journalism into Popular, Citizen, and New styles, emphasizing the shift from professional reporting to public participation. Throughout, the instructor uses visual aids like comparison tables, checklists, and diagrams to reinforce theoretical concepts with concrete examples.

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