Semaphores

Semaphores are synchronization primitives used in concurrent programming to manage access to shared resources among multiple processes or threads. Their primary purpose is to prevent race conditions, which occur when two or more processes try to access the same critical resource simultaneously without proper coordination. By using semaphore operations (wait and signal), processes can safely coordinate their access to shared resources, ensuring that only one process accesses the critical section at a time. This synchronization mechanism helps maintain data consistency and prevents conflicts in multi-threaded or multi-process environments.