Which of the following requires a device driver?

A device driver is system software that allows the operating system to communicate with and control a hardware device.

The driver:

• Translates OS commands into device-specific commands.

• Handles input/output operations.

• Provides a standard interface for hardware access.

Registers are part of the processor and are accessed directly by CPU instructions. No device driver required.
Cache management is performed automatically by hardware. No device driver required.
RAM is controlled by the memory controller and OS memory management mechanisms. No device driver is required for normal memory access.
The operating system communicates with disks through disk controllers and device drivers.