Which of the following is also known as nonadaptive routing? (i) Static…

Nonadaptive routing, also known as static routing, refers to a method where the path for data packets is determined before transmission and does not change based on current network conditions. In static routing, the routes are manually configured by a network administrator and remain fixed regardless of traffic congestion or link failures. This contrasts with dynamic routing, which continuously monitors the network and adjusts paths in real-time to optimize performance. Therefore, only static routing is classified as nonadaptive because it lacks the ability to adapt to changing network topologies or traffic loads. Dynamic routing is adaptive by definition, as it responds to changes in the network environment. Consequently, option A is correct because static routing alone fits the definition of nonadaptive routing.